Bertolt Brecht, LeRoi Jones and Antonin Artaud :: LeRoi Jones Dutchman

Bertolt Brecht, LeRoi Jones and Antonin Artaud In LeRoi Jones' play, Dutchman, components of authenticity, naturalism and non-authenticity proliferate. The play highlights characters, for example, Clay, a twenty-year-old Negro, Lula, a thirty-year-old white lady, both white what's more, dark travelers on a tram mentor, a youthful Negro and a conductor. These characters take a ride that, for each, closes with various goals and leaves the crowd to figure out the subtleties and discover ends themselves. In this play, Jones utilizes sensible, naturalistic and non-sensible components to pass on social issues, for example, prejudice in the creator's own frustrated style. Jones' depiction is bolstered with the impacts of Bertolt Brecht and Antonin Artaud, whose own disappointment improved their works and enormously enhanced showy shows. Dutchman is a play that ought to be talked about by its crowd so they can partake purify themselves of the issues inside, in this way, the greatest number of ends can be drawn by the people uncovered in this play as there are quantities of individuals that have seen or understood it. Authenticity and naturalism emerged out of a world which was progressively getting deductively progressed. Airplanes,railroads, cars, steamers and correspondence advances, for example, TV, radio, the phone and the message sped up and the measure of data that human creatures can send. Authenticity and naturalism . . . emerged partially as reactions to those new social and philosophical conditions (Cameron and Gillespie, pg. 335). Following in a practical style, Jones sets his play in contemporary occasions and in a contemporary place-the tram. Jones lays everything out with a man sitting in a metro seat while holding a magazine. Diminish and glimmering lights and haziness whistle by against the glass window on his right side. These stylish embellishments give the deception of speed related with tram travel. Pragmatists accepted that the best reason for workmanship was to improve humankind by depicting contemporary life and its issues in reasonable settings. Jones portrays bigotry and murder in a cutting edge setting to advise us that bigotry and racially persuaded murders are not issues just consigned to our country's past, nor is the issue of regulated prejudice. Jones likewise utilized non-practical components in his play and was most likely affected by Bertolt Brecht in doing as such. Brecht once composed that . . . to think, or compose or produce a play too intends to change society, to change the state, to subject belief systems to examination (Goosens, 1997). Jones was impacted by Brecht by creating a play in a progressive idyllic style which examines philosophies of race. Bertolt Brecht, LeRoi Jones and Antonin Artaud :: LeRoi Jones Dutchman Bertolt Brecht, LeRoi Jones and Antonin Artaud In LeRoi Jones' play, Dutchman, components of authenticity, naturalism and non-authenticity proliferate. The play highlights characters, for example, Clay, a twenty-year-old Negro, Lula, a thirty-year-old white lady, both white what's more, dark travelers on a tram mentor, a youthful Negro and a conductor. These characters take a ride that, for each, closes with various goals and leaves the crowd to figure out the subtleties and discover ends themselves. In this play, Jones utilizes reasonable, naturalistic and non-reasonable components to pass on social issues, for example, bigotry in the creator's own disappointed style. Jones' depiction is upheld with the impacts of Bertolt Brecht and Antonin Artaud, whose own frustration upgraded their works and extraordinarily differentiated dramatic shows. Dutchman is a play that ought to be talked about by its crowd so they can partake scrub themselves of the issues inside, in this way, the greatest number of ends can be drawn by the people uncovered in this play as there are quantities of individuals that have seen or understood it. Authenticity and naturalism emerged out of a world which was progressively getting experimentally progressed. Airplanes,railroads, autos, steamships and correspondence advances, for example, TV, radio, the phone and the message sped up and the measure of data that human creatures can send. Authenticity and naturalism . . . emerged to a limited extent as reactions to those new social and philosophical conditions (Cameron and Gillespie, pg. 335). Following in a reasonable style, Jones sets his play in contemporary occasions and in a contemporary place-the metro. Jones puts things in place with a man sitting in a metro seat while holding a magazine. Diminish and gleaming lights and obscurity whistle by against the glass window on his right side. These stylish enhancements give the dream of speed related with metro travel. Pragmatists accepted that the best motivation behind craftsmanship was to improve mankind by depicting contemporary life and its issues in sensible settings. Jones delineates prejudice and murder in an advanced setting to advise us that prejudice and racially roused murders are not issues just consigned to our country's past, nor is the issue of systematized bigotry. Jones likewise utilized non-sensible components in his play and was most likely impacted by Bertolt Brecht in doing as such. Brecht once composed that . . . to think, or compose or produce a play moreover intends to change society, to change the state, to subject philosophies to investigation (Goosens, 1997). Jones was affected by Brecht by delivering a play in a progressive lovely style which investigates belief systems of race.

Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gracefully Chain - Essay Example that decides the productivity of the general business, as it were, and its viability reflects and guarantees the adequacy of other front end business forms. For instance, when a productive gracefully chain empowers the opportune and financially savvy acquisition of the administrations, the chance of giving merchandise or administrations to the clients increments numerous folds. The movement office business is no special case in this respects. This paper expects to investigate the gracefully chain under ‘brick and mortar framework ’and think about the progressions that has been brought because of the intercessions of innovation on the flexibly chain. Before moving further hardly any terms should be clarified. Physical methods manual method of working. Snap and mortar implies mix of manual and computerized working; while, click just methods completely robotized working. The matter of movement office in more established occasions, when the physical framework was in activities, was for the most part manual and the administration they used to give was to mastermind to the flights, booking of the inns and to organize some other help required by the clients during the voyaging. Let us investigate the gracefully chain for the movement organization under physical framework. Under manual framework, the members of the flexibly chain were, the trip specialist, the inn organization, the carrier ticking staff and other sales rep for applicable administrations, for instance, on the off chance that the client is being furnished with the vehicle rentals, at that point the vehicle rental merchant will likewise be the member of the gracefully chain. The procedure of flexibly chain was basic yet bearing a great deal of faults. The procedure resembled, the trip specialist used to have the concurrences with various merchants and on accepting requests, they used to go to those sellers, book their administration and get the tickets/receipts and so forth. In spite of the fact that it was extremely basic gracefully chain, yet it bore numerous inconsistencies, for instance, assume that a trip specialist books the ticket for a specific goal for his excursion however

Causes of Nicotine Withdrawal Dizziness

Causes of Nicotine Withdrawal Dizziness Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal Print Causes of Nicotine Withdrawal Dizziness By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Alain Daussin/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Some people report feeling dizzy or lightheaded when they quit smoking. There are a few things that can contribute to these symptoms. You should discuss any ongoing dizziness with your doctor as it could be a sign of an underlying condition rather than being related to your smoking cessation. Explore some of the possible causes of lightheadedness and what you can do. Quit Aids That Can Cause Dizziness Some quit aids may cause dizziness for users. These include: The  nicotine patch, a  form of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that looks like a tan or clear bandage. The patch is the only NRT that lists dizziness as a common side effect. However, all NRTs contain nicotine, and a nicotine overdose can cause dizziness.?? If youre using nicotine replacement therapy to help you stop smoking, it is important that you follow the manufacturers directions for use carefully. Be sure to match the dosage level initially to how much you were smoking.  You dont want to take in more nicotine than you were used to getting as a smoker.  Also, be sure to wean off of NRTs in the time suggested as there is a  risk of dependence due to the nicotine.?? Zyban, a non-nicotine quit aid. Zyban was originally marketed and prescribed under the name of Wellbutrin as an anti-depressant and then it was discovered that smokers using it lost interest in smoking. Zyban has a side effect of dizziness for some people.?? Chantix,  is a non-nicotine quit aid specifically developed for smoking cessation. It can also cause dizzy feelings for those using it.?? If you experience prolonged or severe dizziness while using any of the above quit aids, consult your doctor. Nicotine Effects as a Stimulant Nicotine is a stimulant, meaning it speeds up some of the bodys functions. When you smoke, nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lining of the lungs  and reaches the brain within seven to 10 seconds. Once there, it causes a chemical reaction that releases adrenaline, the fight or flight hormone. Adrenaline speeds the heart up, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure.  Additionally, carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Both factors work to diminish blood flow (and oxygen) to the brain.?? When you stop smoking, nicotine is no longer triggering adrenaline to constrict blood flow. In the absence of inhaled carbon monoxide, there is more oxygen in the blood. Some think  could cause dizziness for the newly quit ex-smoker. However, there have been no conclusive studies that show this to be the case. How Nicotine Affects the Body How Nicotine Influences Blood Sugar In addition to the stimulant effects, nicotine also slows the release of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that removes excess sugar from the blood. It is instrumental in helping the body keep blood sugar in balance. This imbalance leaves smokers slightly hyperglycemic, with more sugar in their blood than they should have.?? Hunger is  a symptom of nicotine withdrawal  and of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Moderate hypoglycemia can produce feelings of dizziness. Research has not shown a direct correlation between nicotine and low blood sugar when quitting tobacco. Coping Tips Eat regular meals to minimize the risk of low blood sugar Eat a piece of fruit or drink a small glass of fruit juice to quickly raise blood sugar if you feel shaky or light-headedAvoid eating processed sugar, which can trigger smoking urges and contribute  to unwanted weight gain Anxiety Is a Common Side Effect of Quitting Tobacco Smoking cessation is stressful for most new ex-smokers. Its a big change to your habits. You may be at a loss with how  to deal with emotions, good or bad, without the crutch of your smokes. This can cause an uncomfortable level of anxiety, and that in turn can trigger physical responses like dizziness.?? If you experience cessation-related anxiety when you stop smoking, try using deep breathing or meditation to calm your mind and body. These anxious feelings  will fade away as you become more comfortable as a non-smoker. Dont Become Dehydrated It is also worth noting that a lot of people tend to not drink enough water, and suffer from dehydration occasionally. Dehydration can cause serious dizziness, so make sure youre getting enough fluids on a daily basis?? . Drinking a tall glass of water is also a great craving-buster and good hydration helps you feel better overall. Important Safety Precautions When youre feeling lightheaded, use care when getting up from a lying or sitting position. Rather than jumping up, sit and stand up slowly to let your body adjust to the change of blood pressure that happens naturally when you change positions. A Word From Verywell Nicotine withdrawal, while intense, is a temporary phase of smoking cessation. It is important to remember that and to understand that it can involve a multitude of physical symptoms, not to mention some that affect your mental state as well.?  Be patient and remember that better days are ahead once you clear the toxins out and your body goes back to functioning as it is meant to. Common Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal

A Review of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

Have you ever wondered what you would do if you washed up on a deserted island? Daniel Defoe dramatizes such an experience in Robinson Crusoe! Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was inspired by the story of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who went to sea in 1704. Selkirk requested that his shipmates put him ashore on Juan Fernandez, where he remained until he was rescued by Woodes Rogers in 1709. Defoe may have interviewed Selkirk. Also, several version of Selkirks tale were available to him. He then built on the story, adding his imagination, his experiences, and a whole history of other stories to create the novel for which he has become so well-known. Daniel Defoe In his lifetime, Defoe published more than 500 books, pamphlets, articles, and poems. Unfortunately, none of his literary endeavors ever brought him much financial success or stability. His occupations ranged from spying and embezzling to soldiering and pamphleteering. He had started out as a merchant, but he soon found himself bankrupt, which led him to choose other occupations. His political passions, his flare for libel, and his inability to stay out of debt also caused him to be imprisoned seven times. Even if he wasnt financially successful, Defoe managed to make a significant mark on literature. He influenced the development of the English novel, with his journalistic detail and characterization. Some claim that Defoe wrote the first true English novel: and hes often considered to be the father of British journalism. At the time of its publication, in 1719, Robinson Crusoe was a success. Defoe was 60 when he wrote this first novel; and he would write seven more in the years to come, including Moll Flanders (1722), Captain Singleton (1720), Colonel Jack (1722), and Roxana (1724). The Story of Robinson Crusoe Its no wonder the story was such a success... The story is about a man who is stranded on a desert island for 28 years. With the supplies hes able to salvage from the wrecked ship, Robinson Crusoe eventually builds a fort and then creates for himself a kingdom by taming animals, gathering fruit, growing crops, and hunting.The book contains adventure of all sorts: pirates, shipwrecks, cannibals, mutiny, and so much more... Robinson Crusoes story is also Biblical in many of its themes and discussions. Its the story of the prodigal son, who runs away from home only to find calamity. Elements of the story of Job also appear in the story, when in his illness, Robinson cries out for deliverance: Lord, be my help, for I am in great distress. Robinson questions God, asking, Why has God done this to me? What have I done to be thus used? But he makes peace ​and goes on with his solitary existence. After more than 20 years on the island, Robinson encounters cannibals, which represent the first human contact hes had since being stranded: One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a mans naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. Then, hes alone — with only the brief far-off view of a shipwreck — until he rescues Friday from the cannibals. Robinson finally makes his escape when a ship of mutineers sail to the island. He and his companions help the British captain to take back control of ​the ship. He sets sail for England on December 19, 1686--after spending 28 years, 2 months, and 19 days on the island. He arrives back in England, after being gone for 35 years, and finds that he is a wealthy man. Loneliness and the Human Experience Robinson Crusoe is the tale of a lonely human being who manages to survive for years without any human companionship. Its a story about the different ways that men cope with reality when hardship comes, but its also the tale of a man creating his own reality, rescuing a savage and fashioning his own world out of the untamed wilderness of a desert island. The tale has influenced many other tales, including The Swiss Family Robinson, Philip Quarll, and Peter Wilkins. Defoe followed up the tale with his own sequel, The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, but that tale was not met with a much success as the first novel. In any case, the figure of Robinson Crusoe has become an important archetypal figure in literature — Robinson Crusoe was described by Samuel T. Coleridge as the universal man.

Vought F4U Corsair in World War II

The Chance Vought F4U Corsair was a noted American fighter that debuted during World War II. Though intended for use aboard aircraft carriers, the F4U experienced early landing issues that initially prevented its deployment to the fleet. As a result, it first entered combat in large numbers with the U.S. Marine Corps. A highly-effective fighter, the F4U posted an impressive kill ratio against Japanese aircraft and also fulfilled a ground-attack role. The Corsair was retained after the conflict and saw extensive service during the Korean War. Though retired from American service in the 1950s, the aircraft remained in use around the world until the late 1960s. Design Development In February 1938, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics began seeking proposals for new carrier-based fighter aircraft. Issuing requests for proposals for both single-engine and twin-engine aircraft, they required the former be capable of a high top speed, but have a stall speed of 70 mph. Among those who entered the competition was Chance Vought. Led by Rex Beisel and Igor Sikorsky, the design team at Chance Vought created an aircraft centered on the Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine. To maximize the power of the engine, they selected the large (13 ft. 4 in.) Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller. While this significantly enhanced performance, it presented problems in designing other elements of the aircraft such as the landing gear. Due to the propellers size, the landing gear struts were unusually long which required the aircrafts wings to be redesigned. In seeking a solution, the designers ultimately settled on utilizing an inverted gull wing. Though this type of structure was more difficult to construct, it minimized drag and allowed for air intakes to be installed on the leading edges of the wings. Pleased with Chance Voughts progress, the U.S. Navy signed a contract for a prototype in June 1938. Chance Vought XF4U-1 Corsair prototype during tests at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), Langley Research Center at Hampton, VA, in 1940-41.   NASA Langley Research Center Designated the XF4U-1 Corsair, the new aircraft quickly moved forward with the Navy approving the mock-up in February 1939, and the first prototype took flight on May 29, 1940. On October 1, the XF4U-1 made a trial flight from Stratford, CT to Hartford, CT averaging 405 mph and becoming the first US fighter to break the 400 mph barrier. While the Navy and the design team at Chance Vought were pleased with the planes performance, control issues persisted. Many of these were dealt with by the addition of a small spoiler on the leading edge of the starboard wing. With the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the Navy altered its requirements and asked that the aircrafts armament be enhanced. Chance Vought complied by equipping the XF4U-1 with six .50 cal. machine guns mounted in the wings. This addition forced the removal of fuel tanks from the wings and an expansion of the fuselage tank. As a result, the XF4U-1s cockpit was moved 36 inches aft. The movement of the cockpit, coupled with the aircrafts long nose, made it difficult to land for inexperienced pilots. With many of the Corsairs problems eliminated, the aircraft moved into production in mid-1942. Chance Vought F4U Corsair GeneralLength: 33 ft. 4 in.Wingspan: 41 ft.Height: 16 ft. 1 in.Wing Area: 314 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 8,982 lbs.Loaded Weight: 14,669 lbs.Crew: 1PerformancePower Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-8W radial engine, 2,250 hpRange: 1,015 milesMax Speed: 425 mphCeiling: 36,900 ft.ArmamentGuns: 6 Ãâ€" 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsRockets: 4Ãâ€" 5 in High Velocity Aircraft Rockets orBombs: 2,000 lbs. Operational History In September 1942, new issues arose with the Corsair when it underwent carrier qualification trials. Already a difficult aircraft to land, numerous problems were found with its main landing gear, tail wheel, and tailhook. As the Navy also had the F6F Hellcat coming into service, the decision was made to release the Corsair to the U.S. Marine Corps until the deck landing problems could be resolved. First arriving in the Southwest Pacific in late 1942, the Corsair appeared in larger numbers over the Solomons in early 1943. Marine pilots quickly took to the new aircraft as its speed and power gave it a decisive advantage over the Japanese A6M Zero. Made famous by pilots such as Major Gregory Pappy Boyington (VMF-214), the F4U soon began to rack up impressive kill numbers against the Japanese. The fighter was largely restricted to the Marines until September 1943, when the Navy began flying it in larger numbers. It was not until April 1944, that the F4U was fully certified for carrier operations. As Allied forces pushed through the Pacific the Corsair joined the Hellcat in protecting US ships from kamikaze attacks. F4U Corsair attacks Japanese ground targets on Okinawa, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration In addition to service as a fighter, the F4U saw extensive use as a fighter-bomber providing vital ground support to Allied troops. Capable of carrying bombs, rockets, and glide bombs, the Corsair earned the name Whistling Death from the Japanese due to sound it made when diving to attack ground targets. By the end of the war, Corsairs were credited with 2,140 Japanese aircraft against losses of 189 F4Us for an impressive kill ratio of 11:1. During the conflict F4Us flew 64,051 sorties of which only 15% were from carriers. The aircraft also saw service with other Allied air arms. Later Use Retained after the war, the Corsair returned to combat in 1950, with the outbreak of fighting in Korea. During the early days of the conflict, the Corsair engaged North Korean Yak-9 fighters, however with the introduction of the jet-powered MiG-15, the F4U was shifted to a purely ground support role. Flown throughout the war, special purpose-built AU-1 Corsairs were constructed for use by the Marines. Retired after the Korean War, the Corsair remained in service with other countries for several years. The last known combat missions flown by the aircraft were during the 1969 El Salvador-Honduras Football War.

Choosing a Right Major to Create My Future Free Essays

Rupeng Yang Choosing a right major to create my future Undergraduates have the higher educational level than high school student, but have the lower educational level than graduates. The time we spend in college is the most important time in our lives. During this period of time, we have been changing ourselves a lot. We will write a custom essay sample on Choosing a Right Major to Create My Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because we get more information from our professors and our schoolmates to make us to become â€Å"critically thinking adults†(P85). We do not want to dependent on our family very much. We are trying to think about our future independently. We want to be more independent. So we obtain a lot of information from outside world, ignoring the information is good or bad. The most important thing we are thinking about is our majors. We are lack of experiences how to make a right choice on our majors. We do not know what we can do in our future. Now we are suffering from selecting majors. We really need to get help from professors or tutors in our college. Last semester was my first semester in baruch college. When I met new classmates or new professors, the most question to me is what my major is. My answer was always I do not decide or I do not know. Many freshmen have the same situations as me, even some second year students. Why do not we choose majors? We Yang 2 want, but we do not know what we can choose. In baruch, the first two years classes have not any relationship with our majors. We have few chances to get information about majors from our classes. Because we are always busy with studying. Some students have part time jobs. They need to focus on not only their study, but also their jobs. Because they need to make money to support their education. They have little chance to know about their majors. Why do we want to attend to college? Because we want to know about our world well and obtain more knowledge to know what we are able to do or what we are interested in doing in the future. I know we have advisers in baruch. But that is not enough to so many students. We need more professional advisers to help us to analyze what the employment situations in the world now and what it will be like after we graduate, or help us to find out what are really interested in. Baruch college is famous at accounting major. But not everyone comes here for becoming an accoutant. I do not want to be an accountant too. I hope my major is about finance. Finance comprises many branches. I need a more specific major. My question is how I can use my advantages better if I choose a major. I am good at math, but I do not want to be an accountant. What can I do in the future? Baruch college pays a lot of money to the library resources every year to give students more knowledge and help us to study well. But if we do not know what we will do, or what our life will be like in the future, what is the destination for studying well? Our majors are like our dreams about our life. We need to spend a lot of time on our major. Because our majors connect with our working, Yang 3 and our working connects with our life and family in the future. That is why I am really concerned about choosing a right and propriate major. Many of my family members and friends told me that the major I choose is what I am really interested in. Because I need to spend more than four years on the major, and the first formal job I find is about my major. With an old saying in China, â€Å"Man needs to select the right major, and woman needs to get married with the right man. As far as I know, it is not easy to change major in college. If you did, it really takes time to finish another major. So we hope we can make right decisions at the first time. We do not need to change our decisions and use more time and energy to finish our education. â€Å"A more serious problem for faculty at many state and city colleges is the scarcity of resources. Because schools cannot easily hire more facul ty members, they increase the workloads of those they have. †(P86) Baruch college does not have that problem. We have enough and professional faculty members, and good resources and computers in the library. Every student would not say, â€Å"There is no class for me to choose. † Every student can become full time student. If baruch college can put more professional advisers in it, that would be better. We have a good student academic consulting center. There are good professors and tutors to help students with their study, such as English, mathmatic, foreign language and so on. But few people think about if we have professional advisers to help us with our majors, we can get the best benefit. Yang 4 If I know what my major is, I will make my goals clearly for my life. I can make sure what I need to learn, what I do not need to waste time on. That makes my study more efficient. Although my parents and friends gave me some suggestions. those are not professional enough. I need a professional adviser to help me clear out my struggle. I appreciate that baruch has enough faculty members, good resources and beautiful basketball playgrounds. I hope baruch can add more professional advisers in it to help our students with their majors. How to cite Choosing a Right Major to Create My Future, Papers

Significance of Positive Accounting Research Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the Scope, Role Impact of Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction Basically, each and every research paper is start from a research topic that addresses research problems and questions. The main research topic for this research is to understand and analyze the scope, importance/role/impact of positive accounting theory research and its implication in the real life. Moreover, it is also important to know that, in order to address the research questions and problems, the research article such as: Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research is selected. Based on this research article, the key objectives associated with this research paper would be attained in order to reach a valid conclusion. Generally, the author of this research article is Paul V Dunmore and written in the year 2009. Moreover, the main aim of this critique is to conduct a critical investigation on the arguments presented by the researcher in this research article. In the same way, both positive and negative aspects of the research article would be presented in this paper to eff ectively understand the research topic and problem. At the same time, the researcher of the article had presented several arguments on the importance and implication of positive accounting research and theory. Additionally, this research paper is structured in an effective and proper manner to understand all the aspects of the research paper and article. For instance, the main parts of this research paper are introduction, detailed overview about the research article, research problems/questions, theoretical framework, importance, limitation of article and conclusion. Overview/Summary of Research Article In the research article, the author had tried to explain the significance of positive accounting research and theory and its applications in the real life or corporate world. Moreover, in this research article, it is argued that, business firms or companies must adopt such theories and practices in order to attain long term objectives, competitive scope and fight with the future business challenges (Hay, Knechel and Wong, 2006). It is found that, positive accounting is an important area that not only helps the business firms in reducing a number of costs but also adding the values in the efficiency, as well as productivity of the companies quickly and effectively. Additionally, the findings of the article is indicates and highlights the significance and value of behavioral finance in term of predicting (Francis, 2006). Moreover, the researcher had also analyzed the hypothesis of Efficient Market Hypothesis. Along with this, in this research article, the author had suggest to the comp anies and organizations of todays corporate world that, they should focus on using positive accounting theory as compare to the Efficient Market Hypothesis in order to enhance organizational efficiency and gain competitive scope. In addition to this, the main findings of the research article reflect that the PAT helps the business firms in analyzing and predicting the real life events effectively. In the same way, it brings innovation, improvements and development within a number of accounting transactions (Dunmore, 2009). It is also argued by the researcher in his study that, it is more essential and valuable for todays corporate companies to investigate and access the main reason behind any exact event. So, PAT is also more dynamic and useful for all the types of firms in predicting and analyzing the unprecedented events that are related to the firms and may affect the success and growth of the business firms. On the other hand, it is also summarized that, through the positive theory or research, a particular company could be success in predicting the sustainability aspect of its business in a more competitive and dynamic market situation in an effective and innovative manner (Fogarty and Markarian, 2007). Furthermore, the researcher of the article is also provides suggestions to todays business, accounting and finance manager to have strong as well as complete ideas about their own financial abilities to run accounting financial functions more dynamically. Moreover, they should also focus on enhanc ing their capabilities and knowledge in order to attain the long term and strategic goals and objectives of a firm. Along with this, it is also analyzed from the article that, positive accounting is a scientific approach to the research in the area of accounting that play a key role in developing an clear understanding about the main factors affecting the behavior of human in the accounting setting (Dunmore, 2009). Moreover, in order to effectively and accurately understand the human behavior, the author had presented a number of epistemological as well as ontological assumptions. But these assumptions would require scientific research to be a feasible intellectual project. On the other hand, it is also argued by the researcher that, positive accounting theory is offer positive outcomes for the companies and offer opportunities to the companies to understand upcoming events. Moreover, in order to improve decision making in the context of accounting setting, business firms must use positive research and theory. Moreover, importance of positive research programs and positive accounting theory is also summarized in the article (Belt, 2007). For case, the main findings of the study indicates that positive accounting research programs have more scope and wider than the positive theory. It is behavioral aspects of the accounting and financial transactions could be understood by a company by conductin g positive research programs. This is also offer opportunities and scopes to the financial managers to effectively and accurately handle the accounting issues in a more dynamic and systematic manner. Overall, it can be said that, the author had tried to explain the significance and role of PAT in the accounting setting to attain long term objectives of the business firms (Dunmore, 2009). Research Questions This research paper has wider scope for the further study in the area of positive accounting research programs, and theory. So, it addresses a number of specific, valuable and important research questions. The main research question of the study is given as below: How positive accounting theory and research is more significant and valuable in the accounting setting. And what are their major implications in the real corporate world? The following are the sub- research questions that directly and indirectly linked with the study such as: How positive research and theory influence the decisions of corporate companies positively? What are the key advantages and disadvantages of using PAT theory and research? What are the major roles and functions of PAT and positive research in improving organizational efficiency, and productivity? (Libet, 2002). How to avoid and deal with the future business challenges by using positive research programs? How positive research is plays a key role in adding the values within the companies? What are the major roles of behavioral finance? What are the major differences among the positive research, positive theory and theory of efficient market? Why business firms should use positive research and theory by ignoring Efficient Market Hypothesis? (Kosmala and MacLullich, 2003). How PAT and research plays key role in predicting real events for the corporate world? Why it is important for the financial and accounting manager to have strong financial knowledge and abilities? What are the major forces that may affect the human behavior in the context of accounting? What are epistemological and ontological assumptions in the accounting setting? Why positive research is wider and valuable than the positive theory? These identified research questions or hypotheses are more valuable that helps in addressing the research problems and solving the research issues effectively. These questions are presenting and reflecting both positive and negative aspects of the conducted literature review (Davila, and Foster, 2007). Theoretical Framework The researcher had used various theoretical framework and concepts in order to fulfill the objectives of the study. For case, theoretical assumptions are made by the author by using epistemological and ontological statements in order to solve the research problems effectively. In addition to this, these theoretical concepts and frameworks are more valuable for the financial managers, accounting people and auditors to improve their understanding about the positive research and theory and their value in the real life events. For case, by applying this theoretical framework, they could be able to enhance organizational efficiency and productivity in a more innovative, systematic and dynamic manner. At the same time, the theoretical framework could also be used and applied by todays business firms and companies in order to deal with the future business challenges in the area of finance, auditing and bookkeeping (Dahmash, Durand, and Watson, 2009). In the same way, the present accounting systems, process and practices could be improved effectively by using such theoretical framework. In addition to this, the framework such as positive research, theory, programs, efficient market theory could also be used by the companies to predict the upcoming events those are directly or indirectly linked and related with the business operations and functions. This would bring innovation and development not only within the accounting and financial functions but also entire functions of the firms. Moreover, the researcher had also used various significant theoretical models to present the study that could be used to bring reliability, flexibility, accountability within the current process and systems (Antle, Gordon, Narayanamoorthy, and Zhou, 2006). The Significance and Limitations of the Article Significance: On the basis of the findings and arguments made by the researcher, the main significance of this research article is that the author had used and applied various statistical, mathematical and theoretical models to present the study and address the research problems effectively. Moreover, clear discussion on the positive research, positive theory and efficient market theory is also made by the researcher that is important to understand the study. Along with this, the researcher had also tried to explain and define the major differences among the positive accounting theory and positive accounting research or program. Overall, it can be said that, each and every aspects related to the positive accounting theory and research is analyzed properly and accurately by the author to develop a clear understating about the research topic. Finally, the author had crucially conducted literature on the study by considering both positive and negative aspects. These are the main importa nce of the study found in the study (Choi, Kim, Liu, and Simunic, 2009). Limitations: The key limitation and disadvantage of the study is that, the author had not presented study scientifically, appropriately and effectively. It is because there are no clear research topic, research objectives, goals, research questions. Moreover, the researcher had not focused on developing the hypothesis for the study that is a major weakness of the study. Along with this, it is also analyzed and accessed that, the researcher had more focused on theoretical concepts of positive research and ignored others aspects directly that shows no link among the research topic and problem (Humphrey, 2008). The information, data, results and findings of the study is not presented graphically that is another limitation of the study. Moreover, more complicated and complex mathematical models are used in the study that is not easily to use and understand by the financial and accounting managers. In the same way, this research study has a lot of limitations that directly or indirectly a ffecting the findings and results of the study (Ashton, Dunmore, and Tippett, 2004). Conclusions Based on the facts, and observation made by the researcher in his study, it can be concluded that, positive accounting theory and research is play a key role in predicting the human behavior in the accounting setting that is important for a company in enhancing its productivity and efficiency. Moreover, positive research has more scope and wider as compare to positive accounting theory because it provides significant opportunities to the financial/accounting managers and their companies to predict and access future business events that are related to the company and its business operations. Additionally, the business firms should ignore efficient market hypothesis by using positive accounting research in order to bring innovation, accountability, creditability and accuracy within the accounting transactions and functions. Finally, it can be concluded that, in todays corporate business environment, human behavior is affecting the business decisions so business firms should apply posit ive theory and research in the accounting setting. References Antle, R., Gordon, E., Narayanamoorthy, G., and Zhou, L. (2006). The joint determination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals. Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting 27 (3), pp. 235266. Ashton, D., Dunmore, P., and Tippett, M. (2004). Double entry bookkeeping and the distributional properties of a firms financial ratios. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 31 (5-6), pp. 583606. Belt, D., (2007). Struggle for the soul of Pakistan. National Geographic 212 (3), pp. 3259. Choi, J.-H., Kim, J.-B., Liu, X., and Simunic, D. A. (2009). Cross-listing audit fee premiums: Theory and evidence. The Accounting Review 84 (5), pp. 1429 1463. Dahmash, F. N., Durand, R. B., and Watson, J. (2009). The value relevance and reliability of reported goodwill and identifiable intangible assets. The British Accounting Review 41 (2), pp. 120 137. Davila, A., and Foster, G. (2007). Management control systems in early-stage startup companies. The Accounting Review 82 (4), pp. 907937. Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Available At: https://sydney.edu.au/business/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/59988/Paul_Dunmore_MEAFA_201df {Accessed On: 27 May 2017}. Fogarty, T. J., and Markarian, G. (2007). An empirical assessment of the rise and fall of accounting as an academic discipline. Issues in Accounting Education 22 (2), pp. 137161. Francis, J. R., (2006). Are auditors compromised by nonaudit services? Assessing theevidence. Contemporary Accounting Research 23 (3), pp. 747 760. Hay, D. C., Knechel, W. R., and Wong, N., (2006). Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effectof supply and demand attributes. Contemporary Accounting Research 23 (1), pp. 141191. Humphrey, C., (2008). Auditing research: A review across the disciplinary divide. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal 21 (2), pp. 170 203. Kosmala and MacLullich, K. (2003). The Emperors new clothes? New audit regimes: Insights from Foucaults Technologies of the Self. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 14(8), pp. 791. Libet, B. (2002). The timing of mental events: Libets experimental findings and theirimplications. Consciousness and Cognition 11 (2), pp. 291299.

The War Between the States free essay sample

A look at various causes for the American Civil War with an emphasis on slavery. This paper explores the social, economic and political reasons for the war as well as the aspect of slavery. The author emphasizes slavery as the main cause and examines how it contributed to political developments. The Civil War, also known as the War of Abolition, was the war that changed the lives of every American then living, and continues to affect our lives even today. Had the outcome been different, it would have changed the fate of the United States to a nation that prided itself on taking advantage of the rights of others. Over 600,000 US citizens died in this tragedy, all from the United States, in the war that took more American lives than any other war. The United States was founded upon the ideals that all mean are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on The War Between the States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, slavery was seen as a necessity in the South, where about one-third of the total population consisted of slaves.

Free Essays on Marriage Sacrament

1. Today, the Roman Catholic Church believes that marriage is a sacrament, a â€Å"sacred sign, instituted by Christ to give grace† (Bernard Cooke). Yet, the social practice of marriage or union between people was not always deemed a sacrament. Discuss the history and development of the belief that marriage is a sacrament. What is the significance of calling marriage a sacrament? Do you feel that marriage is/can be a sacrament? Explain. (3-4 pages) Considering the extreme demands of marriage, making the promises of marriage is something that should not be taken lightly. Catholics who marry must have a deep understanding of God’s presence in marriage and the sacredness of the marriage covenant. In Christian marriage love between the spouses is such a fundamental block of marriage, that the marriage tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church has ruled that if love is missing from a marriage then that marriage is invalid. In the Palestinian Jewish marriage custom, marriage was regarded obligatory and was a covenant between two families. Earlier marriage between Christians did not involve any ceremony. Starting in the 4th Century when the Christians were free to practice their religion, bishops and priests were invited to wedding feasts and to bless the married couple. Ambrose was the first Christian churchman to write that no marriage should be dissolved for any reason and insisted that not even men had the right to remarry as long as their wives were alive. One of the converts of Ambrose; Augustine took up the firm stand on the permanence of marriage. On one hand Augustine considered marriage as a beneficial social institution, for the continuation of the human kind, but on the other hand he saw sexual desires as a dangerous and destructive human energy. According to Augustine, those who remained unmarried could successfully that was associated with sex. Augustine was understood Paul’s word â€Å"mysterion† to be â€Å"sacramentum† and t... Free Essays on Marriage Sacrament Free Essays on Marriage Sacrament 1. Today, the Roman Catholic Church believes that marriage is a sacrament, a â€Å"sacred sign, instituted by Christ to give grace† (Bernard Cooke). Yet, the social practice of marriage or union between people was not always deemed a sacrament. Discuss the history and development of the belief that marriage is a sacrament. What is the significance of calling marriage a sacrament? Do you feel that marriage is/can be a sacrament? Explain. (3-4 pages) Considering the extreme demands of marriage, making the promises of marriage is something that should not be taken lightly. Catholics who marry must have a deep understanding of God’s presence in marriage and the sacredness of the marriage covenant. In Christian marriage love between the spouses is such a fundamental block of marriage, that the marriage tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church has ruled that if love is missing from a marriage then that marriage is invalid. In the Palestinian Jewish marriage custom, marriage was regarded obligatory and was a covenant between two families. Earlier marriage between Christians did not involve any ceremony. Starting in the 4th Century when the Christians were free to practice their religion, bishops and priests were invited to wedding feasts and to bless the married couple. Ambrose was the first Christian churchman to write that no marriage should be dissolved for any reason and insisted that not even men had the right to remarry as long as their wives were alive. One of the converts of Ambrose; Augustine took up the firm stand on the permanence of marriage. On one hand Augustine considered marriage as a beneficial social institution, for the continuation of the human kind, but on the other hand he saw sexual desires as a dangerous and destructive human energy. According to Augustine, those who remained unmarried could successfully that was associated with sex. Augustine was understood Paul’s word â€Å"mysterion† to be â€Å"sacramentum† and t...

American Apparel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Apparel - Assignment Example This leadership style could be disadvantageous when American Apparel expands in future. Thus in the subsequent years, it is necessary that the management of American Apparel makes serious attempts to separate the repute and corporate image of the company from the personal life of Dov Charney. Moreover, with the growth and expansion of American Apparel, it would be advisable to shift towards a flatter hierarchy of business management. The success of the business strategies of a company depends on the alignment of the strategies with the core business strengths of the company. This is because the consideration of the strengths of the company while planning its future business strategies would ensure that American Apparel sustains its competitive advantage over time. The strategies that America Apparel should pursue in consideration to its unique business strengths in order to ensure future success are discussed as follows: American Apparel had always concentrated on the market segment comprising of young adults and believed that there was enormous potential for high quality and elegant fashion essentials in this segment (American Apparel, 2011). The designs as well as aesthetics of the products offered by American Apparel should hence be attractive and alluring to the young and urban adults. American Apparel should offer a line of iconic and everlasting styles for their target segment throughout the year in an extensive assortment of colours. They should also make an attempt to price their offerings at a reasonable rate. This would facilitate the sustainability of American Apparel over time. The advertisement campaigns of an organization communicate an exclusive and specific brand image of the business that differentiates it from its peers (Shah, & D’Souza, 2009). American Apparels’ advertising campaigns should attempt to build a connection with its target customers.

Construction Law and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Law and Safety - Essay Example The offense is one of strict liability, which means that it does not matter if the statement was intentional or negligent, but, rather, just that the statement was made and that the statement was false. So, in this case, Jimmybuild Ltd., if they made a statement with regards to the condition of the building, any kind of statement to Nina along those lines, and did not mention the fact that the foundation was defective, they would be liable under the Property Misrepresentations Act 1991. A statement that contains an omission would make Jimmybuild Ltd. liable under the Act, so, because any statement regarding the condition of the property would contain that omission, Jimmybuild Ltd. would be liable. Peter, the surveyor, may be at risk of negligence. According Murdoch (2005) surveyors may be guilty of negligence when they do not use skill in preparing their reports and the homeowner relied upon the surveyor’s report (Murdoch, 2005, p. 1). Privity of contract has historically been used as a defense on the part of the surveyor, as there was not privity of contract between the homeowner and the surveyor. Therefore, historically, the homeowner could not recover damages from the surveyor. However, the case of Hedley Byrne v. Heller [1964] AC 465 changed this rule. Heldley concerned appellants who were advertisers with a client named Easipower. Easipower defaulted on contracts to advertise on certain television and radio programmes that were procured by the appellants, making the appellants personally liable on the contracts. The appellants, however, had relied upon reports prepared by the defendant bank in which the defendant bank, Heller and Partners, which stated that Easipower was creditworthy, when, in fact, Easipower was not. The lower court ruled that the bank did not owe a duty of care to the Appellants, because the lack of privity of contract. However, the decision in the House of Lords was that proximity was not necessary to establish when attempting to show whether there was a duty of care owed (Hedley Byrne v. Heller [1964] AC 465). Therefore, privity of contract is not necessary, and an individual may sue a surveyor for negligent misstatements or omissions. Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438 carried this principle through, and this case is on point for the facts at hand. In Yianni, the surveyors made a representation that a house was suitable for a loan of ?12,000. However, because of structural and foundational flaws, the house was actually worth very little, yet the appellant relied upon the representation that the house was worth ?12,000 and procured a loan based upon this representation. The court still found in favor of the appellants, thus establishing the fact that privity of contract was not necessary for the appellants to collect damages. (Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438). Thus, Yianni established that not only does there not need to be privity of contract to sue, but that, if the individual who reli es upon the report is of modest means, there are no grounds for contributory negligence. These cases establish that privity of contract is not necessary. Nina did not have a contract with the surveyors, but, rather, had a contract with Jimmybuild Ltd., but this does not matter, she can still sue Peter and

Improving Access to Nature in Urban Environments

Improving Access to Nature in Urban Environments In an urbanizing world, discuss the value of green and blue spaces in towns and cities and describe some of the approaches being used to improve access to nature. Introduction 50 years after Henri Lefebvre identified seeds of planet ‘Trantor’, Isaac Asimov’s (1995) completely urbanized science fiction planet, amidst the Earth’s urbanization (Merrifield, 2013), 54% of global population today are urban dwellers, and it is projected to increase to 66% in 2050 (United Nations, 2014). Lefebvre’s prognostications are coming true at a staggering pace. Such booming population growth in cities and towns puts immense pressure on ever-shrinking urban spaces. In light of competing land use, the frantic pursuit of economic prosperity and social advancement has neglected urban green and aquatic environments. Many remain incognizant of the importance of nature and its access within increasingly concretized landscapes. The benefits and detriments of urban green and blue spaces will be explored using a multi-dimensional approach considering various aspects of urban nature’s importance. Health Dimension To begin with, from the perspective of well-being, green and blue environments satisfy a fundamental human need for a conducive environment. Human evolution theory suggests that modern humans have developed a certain genetic inclination to respond positively to habitat settings favourable to survival and well-being of their ancestors (Kellert and Wilson, 1993). These responses are believed to be triggered when immersed within nature. As such, the restorative effects of nature seem to serve as ‘natural tranquilizers’ amidst the urban hustle and bustle (van den Berg et al., 1998). For instance, Ulrich (1984) discovered that hospital patients with the opportunity to look out onto greenery recovered much quicker from surgery than those whose views were confined to buildings. This reflects the recuperative influences of green spaces on well-being of urban dwellers. Further research also strengthened evidence of restorative sounds and visual properties of water and waves withi n aquatic spaces (White et al, 2010). The array of physical and spiritual healing functions of natural environments provide the basis of human needs that make cities and towns liveable. Socio-Spatial Dimension Moving on, from a social paradigm, natural environments within urban localities can facilitate social progression by allowing people to seek emotional refuge while providing valued recreational space. ‘The free world of the public park has always evolved a pre-lapsarian world of innocence and autonomy’ (Thompson, 2002, p. 66). Indeed, chasing after better lives and getting to places on time have caused personal time to be left behind amidst busy cosmopolitan lifestyles. The serene natural environment is perhaps the only place where one could seek emotional shelter in terms of privacy and self-reflection. In addition to being emotional sanctuaries, urban green and blue spaces represent extended recreational space amidst congested urban environments. Growing urban populations are forcing people to live even closer than ever before as land use becomes competitive. For instance, half of Hong Kong’s population is housed within continuously shrinking living space at app roximately 13.4m ³ per individual (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2014). Increasing proximity between humans generates feelings of confinement within countless of man-made walls. Hence, the presence of open green and blue spaces allow urban dwellers to step away from the highly-constrained landscapes of built environments, where there is space for one’s privacy and for forging social relationships free from cramped cities and towns. While recognising the importance of urban green and blue spaces, it would be myopic to overlook any potential detriments. Although these natural environments are paradise away from stressful urban life, they could also be harbour potential danger. These natural habitats provide ‘wild’ breeding grounds for crime and incivilities, and could ‘be a place of fear and anxiety’ (Thompson, 2002, pp. 66). Research studies revealed that visitors to promenades along the Rhine in Cologne and Dà ¼sseldorf, especially women and elderly, were concerned about theft and harassment in addition to issues of victimisation (Và ¶lker and Kistemann, 2013, pp. 120). The manifestation of crime and anti-social behaviour creates negative perceptions and feelings of powerlessness that indirectly erect mental barriers for potential nature users. Development Dimension Apart from the benefits that urban inhabitants enjoy, it is also imperative that we consider the advantages of having urban natural environments within cities and towns. Urban green and blue spaces contribute to the sustainable development of built environments, in both economic and ecological dimensions. Research conducted by White et al. (2010) revealed that combined green and blue environments were most preferred, depicted in Fig 1. Fig 1: Research Conclusions on Environment Preference Ratings Source: White et al. (2010), pp. 487 The aesthetic appeal of nature highlighted above translates to higher fiscal revenue and monetary returns for the urban settlement. For instance, people were found to be willing to pay almost 8% to 12% more for housing properties with views of water and green interface across several districts within the Netherlands (Luttik, 2000). In addition, urban greenery also attracts greater influx of foreign investments into cities and towns, exemplified by the beautification of Singapore as a â€Å"garden city† that propelled the city’s economic rise (Braatz, 1993). Hence, the presence of green and blue spaces in urban areas create positive perceptions of pleasant environments, which makes cities and towns more alluring in the economic sense. Furthermore, ecological footprints of urban development could potentially be mitigated. Research has shown that 85% of air pollutants and dust particles can be filtered out in a typical-sized urban park (Bolund and Sven, 1999), In addition, the combined effects of green and blue spaces are also effective in combating the urban heat island effect. Ambient temperatures within Chapultepec Park in Mexico City were observed to be 2 °C to 3 °C lower than surrounding urban areas (Jauregui, 1990/1991). The presence of natural spaces helps to regulate the urban environment and make cities and towns more hospitable. For any urban settlement pursuing sustainable development, these green and blue spaces may hold the answers. Improving Access to Nature Growing understanding of the urban nature’s beneficial outcomes and potential detriments has generated renewed focus on making nature more accessible. Different definitions of improving access underpin the myriad of strategies and implementations that have been adopted. Firstly, the shift in focus towards ‘green infrastructure’ which involves enhancing engineered water infrastructure by integrating nature with urban ‘grey infrastructure’ have become increasingly popular (Wendel et al., 2011). This approach interprets improving accessibility as increasing the distribution of natural spaces. Recent academic literature suggest that we â€Å"may have to bring nature to people rather than have people come to nature, especially in urbanized environments’ (Lin et al., 2014, pp. 6). Thus, nature should be incorporated into existing urban infrastructure to raise opportunities for encounters. In Tampa, Florida, converted storm water ponds enhanced with green spaces saw a 35% increase in walking access (Wendel et al., 2011). On the other hand, in South-East London, such incorporation was done through the restoration of a section of river Ravensbourne within Cornmill Gardens by replacing concrete encasements with natural slopin g banks and bank vegetation (The London Rivers Action Plan, 2009). These strategies, combining landscape and water management, mimics natural watersheds to enhance urban hydrology while greatly improving public access. Another strategy to improve accessibility points towards public education espousing human connections with nature. This approach understands improving access through raising motivation to visit nature. Education theory suggests that ‘biophilia’ (Kellert and Wilson, 1993) and interest in nature are encouraged by early childhood experiences (Stokes, 2006). Removal of such experiences would dramatically reduce one’s motivation to visit nature regardless of accessibility. To illustrate, the Forest Schools Education (FSE) movement was originally developed to develop a greater affinity with nature for pre-school children in Denmark. This Scandinavian concept, now adopted across pre-schools worldwide, develops children’s appreciation of nature through regular visits to natural spaces for play (Forest Schools Education, 2013). Cultivating one’s orientation towards nature through interactive opportunities can therefore develop life-long motivations to visit t he natural environment. Thirdly, improving accessibility by reducing barriers to usage advocates the improvement of public amenities within natural spaces. This approach focuses on creating safe and conducive conditions for public access to nature with a peace of mind. This greatly reduces perceptions of danger and encourages frequent access. In Santa Cruz, Bolivia, over 65% of respondents highlighted safety as the main obstacle that limited accessibility of nature (Wendel et al., 2012). Hence, access to nature can be augmented through improved public amenities and infrastructure to make these spaces safer. In Bogota, Columbia, improving access to nature focused upon heightened security and safety through installing fences, increasing uniformed guard patrol frequencies and improving lighting conditions (Berney, 2010). Thus, safe natural environments would encourage more frequent visits and greatly reduce deterrence of usage associated with perceptions of danger. Conclusion Being indispensable ecological assets in today’s urbanizing world, urban green and blue environments deliver an extensive range of crucial functions that cover health and social benefits to ecological and economic goals. Facilitating public access to these ‘lungs of the city’ (Sutton, 1971) through a spectrum of interventions ensure that the opportunities and perks provided by these urban ecosystems help improve the quality of urban life. As planet Earth increasingly resembles ‘Trantor’ more than ever before, we must realize that in order to sustain the development of cities and towns, urban natural environments are a ‘must-have’ rather than a ‘nice-to-have’. 1509 words Bibliography Asimov, I. 1955. Foundation, (Voyager Paperback, London). Berney, R. 2010. Learning from Bogota: How municipal experts transformed public spaces, Journal of Urban Design, 15(4) pp. 539 – 558. Bolund, P. and Sven, H. 1999. Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas, Ecological Economics, 29 pp. 293 – 301. Braatz, S. 1993. Urban Forestry in Developing Countries: Status and Issues, in Kollin, C., Mahon, J. and Frame, L. (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth National Urban Forest Conference: Minneapolis, Minnesota, September 14-18, 1993, (American Forests, Minnesota). Forest Schools Education, 2013. ‘Introduction to Forest Schools’, http://www.forestschools.com/course-material/forest-schools-general/, Accessed 11th October 2014. Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2014. Housing in Figures 2014, https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/common/pdf/about-us/publications-and-statistics/HIF.pdf. Jauregui, E. 1990/1991. Influence of a large urban park on temperature and convective precipitation in a tropical country, Energy and Buildings, 15 – 16 pp. 45 – 63. Kellert, S.R. and Wilson, E.O. 1993. The biophilia hypothesis, (Island Press, Washington DC). Lin, B., Fuller, R., Bush, R., Gaston, K. and Shanahan, D. 2014. Opportunity or Orientation? Who Uses Urban Parks and Why, PLOS ONE, 9(1) pp. 1 – 7. Luttik, J. 2000. The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands, Landscape and Urban Planning, 48 pp. 161 – 167. Merrifield, A. 2013. The Urban Question under Planetary Urbanization, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37.3 pp. 909 – 922. Rosenzweig, M.L. 2003. Win-Win Ecology: How The Earth’s Species Can Survive In The Midst of Human Enterprise, (Oxford University Press, New York). Stokes, D.L. 2006. Conservators of Experience, BioScience, 56(1) pp. 6 – 7. Sutton, S.B. (ed.). 1971. Civilizing American Cities: A Selection of Frederick Law Olmsted’s Writings on City Landscapes, (MIT Press, Cambridge). The River Restoration Centre, 2009. The London Rivers Action Plan: A tool to help restore rivers for people and nature, http://www.therrc.co.uk/lrap/lplan.pdf. Thompson, C.W. 2002. Urban open space in the 21st Century, Landscape and Urban Planning, 60 pp. 59 – 72. Ulrich, R.S. 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science, 224 pp. 420 – 421. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). van den Berg, A.E., Maas, J., Verheij, R.A. and Groenewegen, P. 2010. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health, Social Science and Medicine, 70 pp. 1203 – 1210. Và ¶lker, S. and Kistemann, T. 2013. â€Å"I’m always entirely happy when I’m here!† Urban blue enhancing human health and well-being in Cologne and Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany, Social Science and Medicine, 78 pp.113 – 124. Wendel, H.E., Downs, J.A. and Milhelcic, J. 2011. Assessing Equitable Access to Urban Green Space: The Role of Engineered Water Infrastructure, Environmental Science and Technology, 45 pp. 6728 – 6734. Wendel, H.E., Zarger, R. and Mihelcic, J. 2012. Accessibility and usability: Green space preferences, perceptions and barriers in a rapidly urbanizing city in Latin America, Landscape and Urban Planning, 107 pp. 272 – 282. White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D. and Depledge, M. 2010. Blue Space: The importance of water for preference, affect and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30 pp. 482 493.

Intelligence, “Nature Versus Nurture” Essay

Intelligence is the ability to learn facts and skills and apply them; it can also be referred to as knowledge. When we look at knowledge we typically look at it from the aspect of nature and nurture, nature being what we come into this world with and nurture is what we acquire after we have entered this world. But the question I am focused on is where do we get our intelligence, are we born with it or are we somewhat gaining it after birth, is a new born child capable of knowing what is happening around him and grow up knowing how to act as an adult from birth or do he have to acquire the ability for adult performance?. So the experiment I am referring to was taught by one Dr. Richard Gerring, where taking a new born child and imagine what it would be like to come into a situation as such a child. One such example of testing intelligence starts with perceptions. It was thought for a long time that children was color blind, because we could not just ask a neonate â€Å"do you see colors?†, so the first experiment to detect whether a child perceive color would be from one researcher by the name of Burstein. Burstein took a set of 3 month old kids and give them solid colored toys and soon the kids got tired of looking at the toys over and over again; now the simple fact about colors is the wave length that they give off, colors such as green or orange gives off a bright wave length that is attractive, but a color like grey and white has dull wave lengths. Or also if you keep looking at the same color whether bright green or red you would soon get tired of the color because your brain has already adapted to it and you become bored. So to test this theory I did my own experiment. Scientific Question: Can children perceive colors and understand change although they are small and have not yet fully acquired learn intelligence of difference? Hypothesis: Children do perceive colors, they also have an intelligence of change in the factors around them just as older children and adults do even though they are of young age. My objective: To see whether children do perceive and understand colors although they may not know the colors by names, do they have the ability to detect the change from such a young age. Type of design of Qualitative Investigation: Investigation-action So with this experiment I am taking Three (5) children ages 3 months to 2 years old and place all of them in the same room for 5 days for 3 hours with the same set of toys: 2 red truck and 4 yellow cars. Based on investigation 5 days/3 hours results, an action would be taken to confirm findings. Methology The study type that we will carry out is descriptive. Universe: A preschool at the Community center, Vanard, Castries. Manipulate: 5 children ages 3 months to 2 years old. Operational variables: Sex and ages of the children, place and time Independent Variables: Colors of toys Techniques used to obtain the data of this study: * Direct Observation There needs to be constant observation of the children while playing with the toys and note the level of interest that is given to each toy over the period of 5 days for 3 hours, and then analyze data at the end of each day whether the interest dwindles or not. Make a note of just how much had the attention dwindled. Analysis of Data: Day 1: All 5 kids are happy with the new toys for the 3 hours Day 2: All kids are happy and move around contentedly with the toys Day 3: The Kids are demonstrating a lack of interest in the toys now and have come to interchange a lot between the 6 pieces. Day 4: The children are no long grabbing for the toys but are beginning to get very frets and occasionally when I give them a toy they may calm a bit but then continue to fret. Obvious signs that they no longer are interested in the toys. Day 5: Today is they last day and I have noticed for the past 2 hours nobody took the toys, at the 3rd hour they were all crying. Gathered Results: At the end of day five, I had a set of crying kids on my hands who were obviously unhappy and who were definitely were no longer interested in the given toys. So can I determine that the Children are just bored by the toys in themselves or the colors? So now what I would do is my action to the investigation to confirm the results from the 5 days. I took the same set of toys, 2 red truck and 4 yellow cars and I repainted them (please note that paint used was indeed child friendly and not harmful in toxins). The toys were repainted and reintroduced again the next day for the same 3 hours. Final Results: Amazing! The Kids grabbed at those toys as if they were new and were all laughs with the very same toys that yesterday received no attention. This proves simply that young children although they are not yet well cognitively develop do see colors. The fact that they saw the same color toys for 5 days for 3 hours and got bored on day 5 but had renewed interest in the same give toy on the 6 day when reintroduced in different colors told me they got a new stimulus to the change. That is a pretty interesting knowledge to confirm. For these children to know the difference in vision and its change and take interest in the toys do tells me they brought some intelligence into this into the world. So here we can see that we are born with the concept of knowing differences, which is great for gaining ability throughout life. Dr. Richard Gerring was saying that another way to tell children have intelligence is by using checkers on a board. You can use a young child under 5 years old and you spread the checker pieces between you and the child evenly, and ask the child who has more checkers, the child would say that you have more if you do or they do they would say. The point to this is that children understand the concept of   â€Å"more or less† although they do not know how to count. If you use two glasses of water then they can say which glass has more water and which do not. The fact that they understand quantity although they cannot express it shows intelligence that can be developed. So as the child gets older you start counting fingers and toes and soon the child can tell you that you have maybe ‘6’ more than they do or ‘6’ less. The fact that they grow to understand numbering tells us that they acquire knowledge and increase their intelligence from the mere concept of visual â€Å"more or less† that they originally had. So when we think of  intelligence and we think of knowledge in the sense of nature vs nurture, we can safely say that some intelligence we are born with and are integrated in our genes and there are some intelligence that are acquired and expanded upon but learning and concurring. Does this mean that our behavior can be manipulated from an early age through education? This question is answered by a simple experiment. The experiment can be done by looking at how kids acquire action to word, if you try to speak to a child age 3 years as you would an adult the child would be confused. So you have to simplify your speech to that child to get him/her to do what you need him/her to do. Like when you are getting a child to eat food, you would put the child in the high chair and by actions show the child you are opening in your mouth while saying â€Å"aaaahh†, your mouth opening and the word â€Å"aaaah† suggest that every time you do the action and bring the spoon up with food you want the child to open their mouth and eat. So you link action and words which manipulates the child actions and often you hear people saying the words like â€Å"yum yum† with a smiling expression while the child’s eating to get them to understand that what they are eating is good. Therefore we get actions to words and perception of the food. So when it comes to knowledge our environmental factors can con-coursing an influence us, bringing us into making decisions and having preferences to things that we were not born with. Reference Life of the Mind: Introduction to Psychology, Richard Gerring.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 41

How Is She? My birthday falls on a Friday. December 29. In the afternoon, Mom helps me tape trash bags around my cast so I can take my first shower since I broke my leg. This is sort of embarrassing to talk about, but Mom has to help me keep my cast out of the shower, so she holds the shower curtain for me, protecting the cast, as I straddle the edge of the tub, trying to keep my weight on my good leg. Mom hands me the soap when I need it and also the shampoo. She pretends not to look at my naked body, but I am sure she gets a glimpse at some point, which makes me feel strange. I haven't worked out in days, so I feel very small and weak – but Mom doesn't say anything about my diminished girth, because she is a kind woman. After my shower, Mom helps me put on a pair of sweatpants she has modified, cutting one leg off at the thigh so my cast can fit through. I also put on a button-down shirt from the Gap and my new leather jacket. I hop down the steps, crutch my way out the door and into the backseat of Mom's car, sitting sideways so my cast will fit. When we arrive at the Voorhees house, I crutch my way into Cliff's office, pick the black recliner, prop my cast up on the footrest, and tell Cliff everything. When I finish my story, Cliff says, â€Å"So you've been in bed since Christmas?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And you have no interest in reading or watching television?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"And you're not working out your upper body at all? No weights?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"What do you do all day?† â€Å"I sleep, or I think. Sometimes I write, but Danny has been coming to visit me too.† I had already told Cliff all about God reuniting Danny and me, which even Cliff had to admit was a bit of a miracle and maybe the silver lining to my awful Christmas. â€Å"What do you and Danny do when he visits?† â€Å"We play Parcheesi.† â€Å"Parcheesi?† â€Å"It's the Royal Game of India. How can you not know it?† â€Å"I know Parcheesi. I'm just surprised you and Danny play board games together.† â€Å"Why?† Cliff makes a funny face, but doesn't say anything. â€Å"Danny brings his Parcheesi game all the way from North Philly. He rides the trains.† â€Å"That's good, right? It must be nice to see your old friend.† â€Å"I was sorry to learn that he still can't rap, even after a second operation, but his aunt got him a job doing the janitorial work at her church, which is also a day-care center. He wipes down the pews with pine oil and mops the floors and empties the trash and vacuums every night – stuff like that. He smells like pine trees now too, which is sort of a nice bonus. But Danny is quieter than I remember him being in the bad place.† â€Å"Did you tell Danny about what Tiffany did to you?† Cliff asks. â€Å"Yeah, I did.† â€Å"What did he say?† â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"He didn't give you any advice?† â€Å"I didn't ask him for any advice.† â€Å"I see.† Cliff grabs his chin, which lets me know he is going to say something my mother has told him. â€Å"Pat, I know how you lost your memory. Everyone does.† He pauses here, gauging my reaction. â€Å"And I think you remember too. Do you?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Do you want me to tell you how you lost your memory?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Why?† I don't say anything. â€Å"I know Dr. Timbers used to tell you the story every day as part of your therapy. That's why I never brought it up. I thought maybe you would talk about it when you were ready, but it's been almost five months – and now you have a broken leg, and things seem to have gotten worse. I can't help feeling as though we need to start trying other tactics. What Tiffany suggested about closure is true. I'm not saying her methods were honorable, but you really do need to come to terms with what happened, Pat. You need closure.† â€Å"Maybe my movie isn't over,† I say, because sometimes moviemakers trick the audience with a false bad ending, and just when you think the movie is going to end badly, something dramatic happens, which leads to the happy ending. This seems like a good spot for something dramatic to happen, especially since it's my birthday. â€Å"Your life is not a movie, Pat. Life is not a movie. You're an Eagles fan. After watching so many NFL seasons without a Super Bowl, you should know that real life often ends poorly.† â€Å"How can you say that now, especially since the Eagles have won four straight and are headed into the play-offs – even after McNabb went down!† Cliff just looks at me, almost as if he is scared, and suddenly I realize that I was just yelling. But I can't help adding, â€Å"With a negative attitude like that, it will end poorly, Cliff! You're starting to sound like Dr. Timbers! You better watch out, or you're going to be defeated by pessimism!† There is a long silence, and Cliff looks really worried, which begins to worry me. On the drive home, Mom tells me that people are coming over for my birthday. She is making me a birthday dinner. â€Å"Is Nikki coming?† I ask. â€Å"No, Pat. Nikki is never coming,† Mom says. â€Å"Never.† When we arrive home, Mom makes me sit in the family room while she cooks meat loaf and mashed potatoes and green beans and an apple pie. She keeps trying to talk to me, but I really do not feel like talking. Jake and Caitlin arrive first, and they try to cheer me up by talking really enthusiastically about the Birds, but it doesn't work. When Ronnie and Veronica arrive, Emily climbs onto my lap, which makes me feel a little better. Caitlin asks Emily if she wants to draw a picture on my cast, and when she nods, Mom finds some markers and we all watch little Emily draw. She starts off by making a wobbly circle, which is understandable, since the cast is not perfectly flat, nor smooth. But then she just scribbles all sorts of colors everywhere, and I cannot tell what she is up to until she points to her creation and says, â€Å"Pap!† â€Å"Did you draw a picture of Uncle Pat?† Ronnie says, and when Emily nods, everyone laughs because it looks nothing like me. When we sit down at the dining-room table, my father is still not home. Even after the win over Dallas, he has been pretty distant lately, hiding in his study again. Nobody mentions my dad's absence, so I don't either. Mom's meal is delicious, and everyone says so. When it is time for pie, they sing â€Å"Happy Birthday† to me, and then little Emily helps me blow out the candles that make the shape of the number 35. I hardly believe that I can actually be thirty-five, because I still feel like I am thirty – maybe I only wish I were thirty, because then I'd have Nikki in my life. After we eat our pie, Emily helps me open my presents. I get a brand-new wooden hand-painted Parcheesi board from Mom, who says she invited Danny to my party, but he had to work. Ronnie, Emily, and Veronica give me an Eagles fleece blanket. Jake and Caitlin give me a membership to a gym in Philadelphia. The brochure in the box says the club has a pool and a steam room and basketball courts and racquetball courts and all types of weight-lifting equipment and other machines that build muscles. â€Å"It's where I work out,† my brother says. â€Å"And I was thinking we could start working out together once your leg mends.† Even though I'm not all that interested in working out so much anymore, I realize that the membership is a nice present, so I thank Jake. When we retire to the living room, I ask Veronica about Tiffany. â€Å"How's Tiffany?† I say. I'm not really sure why I ask. The words just sort of slip out of my mouth, and when they do, everyone stops talking and a silence hangs in the air. â€Å"I invited her to your party,† Mom finally offers, probably just so Veronica will not feel badly about her sister being excluded. â€Å"Why?† Jake asks. â€Å"So she can lie to Pat again? Set him back a few more years?† â€Å"She was only trying to help,† Veronica says. â€Å"Your sister has a funny way of helping.† â€Å"Stop,† Caitlin says to Jake. And then the room is silent again. â€Å"So how is she?† I ask, because I really do want to know.

Measuring Earthquake Magnitudes

These days, an earthquake happens and right away it is on the news, including its magnitude. Instant earthquake magnitudes seem as routine an achievement as reporting the temperature, but theyre the fruit of generations of scientific work. Why Earthquakes Are Hard to Measure Earthquakes are very hard to measure on a standard scale of size. The problem is like finding one number for the quality of a baseball pitcher. You can start with the pitchers win-loss record, but there are more things to consider: earned-run average, strikeouts and walks, career longevity and so on. Baseball statisticians tinker with indexes that weigh these factors (for more, visit the About Baseball Guide). Earthquakes are easily as complicated as pitchers. They are fast or slow. Some are gentle, others are violent. Theyre even right-handed or left-handed. They are oriented different ways—horizontal, vertical, or in between (see Faults in a Nutshell). They occur in different geologic settings, deep within continents or out in the ocean. Yet somehow we want a single meaningful number for ranking the worlds earthquakes. The goal has always been to figure out the total amount of energy a quake releases, because that tells us profound things about the dynamics of the Earths interior. Richters First Scale The pioneering seismologist Charles Richter started in the 1930s by simplifying everything he could think of. He chose one standard instrument, a Wood-Anderson seismograph, used only nearby earthquakes in Southern California, and took only one piece of data—the distance A in millimeters that the seismograph needle moved. He worked up a simple adjustment factor B to allow for near versus distant quakes, and that was the first Richter scale of local magnitude ML: ML log A B A graphical version of his scale is reproduced on the Caltech archives site. Youll notice that ML really measures the size of earthquake waves, not an earthquakes total energy, but it was a start. This scale worked fairly well as far as it went, which was for small and moderate earthquakes in Southern California. Over the next 20 years Richter and many other workers extended the scale to newer seismometers, different regions, and different kinds of seismic waves. Later Richter Scales Soon enough Richters original scale was abandoned, but the public and the press still use the phrase Richter magnitude. Seismologists used to mind, but not any more. Today seismic events may be measured based on body waves or surface waves (these are explained in Earthquakes in a Nutshell). The formulas differ but they yield the same numbers for moderate earthquakes. Body-wave magnitude is mb log(A/T) Q(D,h) where A is the ground motion (in microns), T is the waves period (in seconds), and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that depends on distance to the quakes epicenter D (in degrees) and focal depth h (in kilometers). Surface-wave magnitude is Ms log(A/T) 1.66 logD 3.30 mb uses relatively short seismic waves with a 1-second period, so to it every quake source that is larger than a few wavelengths looks the same. That corresponds to a magnitude of about 6.5. Ms uses 20-second waves and can handle larger sources, but it too saturates around magnitude 8. Thats OK for most purposes because magnitude-8 or great events happen only about once a year on average for the whole planet. But within their limits, these two scales are a reliable gauge of the actual energy that earthquakes release. The biggest earthquake whose magnitude we know was in 1960, in the Pacific right off central Chile on May 22. Back then, it was said to be magnitude 8.5, but today we say it was 9.5. What happened in the meantime was that Tom Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori came up with a better magnitude scale in 1979. This moment magnitude, Mw, is not based on seismometer readings at all but on the total energy released in a quake, the seismic moment Mo (in dyne-centimeters): Mw 2/3 log(Mo) - 10.7 This scale therefore does not saturate. Moment magnitude can match anything the Earth can throw at us. The formula for Mw is such that below magnitude 8 it matches Ms and below magnitude 6 it matches mb, which is close enough to Richters old ML. So keep calling it the Richter scale if you like—its the scale Richter would have made if he could. The U.S. Geological Surveys Henry Spall interviewed Charles Richter in 1980 about his scale. It makes  lively reading. PS: Earthquakes on Earth simply cant get bigger than around Mw 9.5. A piece of rock can store up only so much strain energy before it ruptures, so the size of a quake depends strictly on how much rock—how many kilometers of fault length—can rupture at once. The Chile Trench, where the 1960 quake occurred, is the longest straight fault in the world. The only way to get more energy is with giant landslides or asteroid impacts.